AG九游会-《科学》（20241018出版）一周论文导读—新闻—科学网

Science, 18 OCT 2024, Volume 386 Issue 6719

《科学》2024年10月18日，第386卷，6719期

材料科学Material Sciences

Capacity recovery by transient voltage pulse in silicon-anode batteries

硅阳极电池瞬态电压脉冲的容量恢复

▲ 作者：YUFEI YANG, SRIJA BISWAS, RONG XU et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn1749

▲摘要：

我们开辟了一种方式往返收硅电极中隔离的活性材料，并利用电压脉冲将隔离的锂硅（LixSi）颗粒从头毗连到导电收集中。经由过程利用5秒脉冲，我们在Li-Si和Si–磷酸铁锂（Si-LFP）电池中实现了30%以上的容量恢复。

经由过程多个脉冲保持和复制恢复的电容量，并能供给恒定的容量优势。我们验证了恢复机制是中性分手的LixSi粒子在局部非平均电场下的活动，这类现象被称为介电电泳。

▲ Abstract：

We developed an approach to substantially recover the isolated active materials in silicon electrodes and used a voltage pulse to reconnect the isolated lithium-silicon (LixSi) particles back to the conductive network. Using a 5-second pulse, we achieved 30% of capacity recovery in both Li-Si and Si–lithium iron phosphate (Si-LFP) batteries. The recovered capacity sustains and replicates through multiple pulses, providing a constant capacity advantage. We validated the recovery mechanism as the movement of the neutral isolated LixSi particles under a localized nonuniform electric field, a phenomenon known as dielectrophoresis.

Multicore memristor from electrically readable nanoscopic racetracks

来自电可读纳米级赛道的多核忆阻器

▲ 作者：JAE-CHUN JEON, ANDREA MIGLIORINI et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh3419

▲摘要：

在这项研究中，我们操纵一组集成在赛道中的异常霍尔探测器，展现了纳米赛道中多个移动畴壁的空间分辩率优在40 nm的电跟踪系统。

来自霍尔探测器的电时序旌旗灯号答应对一个或多个畴壁的动态进行静态和动态相空间可视化，这些畴壁可以经由过程多核忆阻器模子展现。在赛道中，畴壁动力学和随机性乃至可以节制到深亚微米标准。

▲ Abstract：

In this study, we demonstrated the electrical tracking with a spatial resolution of better than 40 nm of multiple mobile domain walls in nanoscopic racetracks, using a set of anomalous Hall detectors integrated into the racetracks. Electrical time-series signals from the Hall detectors allow for the static and dynamic phase space visualization of the dynamics of a domain wall or multiple domain walls that can be described by a multicore memristor model. The domain wall dynamics and stochasticity can be controlled in racetracks even to deep submicron dimensions.

地球科学Earth Science

Unexpected far-field deformation of the 2023 Kahramanmara earthquakes revealed by space geodesy

空间年夜地丈量揭露的2023年土耳其地动的远场变形

▲ 作者：S. ERGINTAV, P. VERNANT et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado4220

▲摘要：

经由过程在2023年2月6日土耳其7.8和7.6级地动时利用全球导航卫星系统（GNSS），我们注解年夜地动可以引发远场地壳变形（年夜在700千米），跨越今朝弹性位错模子的猜测。

它们可以致使组织板块的移动和远场地动的触发，这对地动危险性评估具有深远的影响，而且需要重新的角度来研究地壳变形和地动力学。

▲ Abstract：

Using Türkiye’s extensive and continuous global navigation satellite system (GNSS) network during the moment magnitude 7.8 and 7.6 Kahramanmara earthquakes on 6 February 2023, we show that large earthquakes can induce far-field crustal deformations ( 700 kilometers), exceeding current predictions from elastic dislocation models. They can lead to the mobilization of tectonic plates and the triggering of far-field earthquakes, which carries profound implications for seismic hazard assessments and necessitates a new perspective on crustal deformation and earthquake mechanics.

Global rise in forest fire emissions linked to climate change in the extratropics

全球丛林火警排放量的增添与温带地域的天气转变有关

▲ 作者：MATTHEW W. JONES, SANDER VERAVERBEKE et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl5889

▲摘要：

我们利用机械进修系统地将丛林生态辨别为12个全球丛林群落，每一个群落都显示出了对对天气、人类和植被节制分歧的敏感性。这注解，在2001年至2023年时代，与天气转变有关的热带焦树中敏捷增添的丛林火警排放抵消了热带焦树中降落的排放。

因为轻易着火的气候和丛林笼盖率和出产力的增添，一个温带地域的年排放量增添了两倍。这致使全球丛林生态区的丛林火警碳排放量增添了60%。我们的研究成果强调了在天气转变的环境下，丛林和其碳储量对火警干扰的懦弱性日趋增添。

▲ Abstract：

We use machine learning to systematically group forest ecoregions into 12 global forest pyromes, with each showing distinct sensitivities to climatic, human, and vegetation controls. This delineation revealed that rapidly increasing forest fire emissions in extratropical pyromes, linked to climate change, offset declining emissions in tropical pyromes during 2001 to 2023. Annual emissions tripled in one extratropical pyrome due to increases in fire-favorable weather, compounded by increased forest cover and productivity. This contributed to a 60% increase in forest fire carbon emissions from forest ecoregions globally. Our results highlight the increasing vulnerability of forests and their carbon stocks to fire disturbance under climate change.

Direct optical measurement of intramolecular distances with angstrom precision

消费者的生物多样性增添了水生和陆地生态系统中有机营养的可操纵性

▲ 作者：J. RYAN SHIPLEY, REBECCA OESTER et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp6198

▲摘要：

虫豸和蜘蛛经由过程堆集和合成有机营养物资在生态系统中起着相当主要的感化，如多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）。但是，生物多样性与虫豸和蜘蛛群落的营养成份之间的联系还没有被量化。我们将虫豸和蜘蛛的丰硕度与包罗9种地盘操纵体例的河道和陆地群落的生物量和多不饱和脂肪酸质量联系起来。

多不饱和脂肪酸的质量和生物量与生态系统的生物多样性呈正相干。水生生态系统的多不饱和脂肪酸质量始终高在陆地生态系统。我们的研究成果增强了庇护生物多样性的主要性，并强调了水生生物多样性的怪异好处。

▲ Abstract：

Insects and spiders play critical roles in ecosystems by accumulating and synthesizing organic nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, links between biodiversity and nutrient content of insect and spider communities have yet to be quantified. We relate insect and spider richness to biomass and PUFA-mass from stream and terrestrial communities encompassing nine land uses. PUFA-mass and biomass relate positively to biodiversity across ecosystems. In terrestrial systems, human-dominated areas have lower biomass and PUFA-mass than more natural areas, even at equivalent levels of richness. Aquatic ecosystems have consistently higher PUFA-mass than terrestrial ecosystems. Our findings reinforce the importance of conserving biodiversity and highlight the distinctive benefits of aquatic biodiversity.

人工智能Artificial Intelligence

AI can help humans find common ground in democratic deliberation

人工智能可以帮忙人在平易近主审议中找到配合点

▲ 作者：MICHAEL HENRY TESSLER, MICHIEL A. BAKKER et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq2852

▲摘要：

在这项研究中，我们练习了一小我工智能（AI）来调整人类议事进程。操纵介入者的小我定见和攻讦，人工智能调整员迭代地生成和完美陈说，以表达群体在社会或政治问题上的配合立场。

介入者（N=5734）更喜好人工智能生成的语句，而不是由人类调整人编写的内容，认为它们更有信息量、更清楚公道。会商者常常在会商后更新他们的设法，构成一个配合的不雅点。文本嵌入显示，成功的集体声明在尊敬大都人立场的同时包括了分歧的声音。

▲ Abstract：

In this study, we trained an artificial intelligence (AI) to mediate human deliberation. Using participants’ personal opinions and critiques, the AI mediator iteratively generates and refines statements that express common ground among the group on social or political issues. Participants (N = 5734) preferred AI-generated statements to those written by human mediators, rating them as more informative, clear, and unbiased. Discussants often updated their views after the deliberation, converging on a shared perspective. Text embeddings revealed that successful group statements incorporated dissenting voices while respecting the majority position.

特殊声明：本文转载仅仅是出在传布信息的需要，其实不意味着代表本网站不雅点或证实其内容的真实性；如其他媒体、网站或小我从本网站转载利用，须保存本网站注明的“来历”，并自大版权等法令责任；作者假如不但愿被转载或联系转载稿费等事宜，请与我们联系。